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    :class:`.GenericFunction` for an example of how this is done.

    .. seealso::

        :ref:`tutorial_functions` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`

        :class:`.Function` - named SQL function.

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            :data:`.func`

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        construct, except no FROM clause is generated; the function is rendered
        in the similar way as a scalar subquery.

        E.g.:

        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql

            >>> from sqlalchemy import func, select
            >>> fn = func.jsonb_each("{'k', 'v'}").scalar_table_valued("key")
            >>> print(select(fn))
            {printsql}SELECT (jsonb_each(:jsonb_each_1)).key

        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2

        .. seealso::

            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued`

            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.alias`

            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.column_valued`

        )�ScalarFunctionColumn)rmra�type_s   rT�scalar_table_valuedz#FunctionElement.scalar_table_valued�s��B$�D�$��6�6rVc��|j�}|jdd�}|jdd�}|jdd�}|r
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||��S)a�Return a :class:`_sql.TableValuedAlias` representation of this
        :class:`_functions.FunctionElement` with table-valued expressions added.

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        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql

            >>> fn = func.generate_series(1, 5).table_valued(
            ...     "value", "start", "stop", "step"
            ... )

            >>> print(select(fn))
            {printsql}SELECT anon_1.value, anon_1.start, anon_1.stop, anon_1.step
            FROM generate_series(:generate_series_1, :generate_series_2) AS anon_1{stop}

            >>> print(select(fn.c.value, fn.c.stop).where(fn.c.value > 2))
            {printsql}SELECT anon_1.value, anon_1.stop
            FROM generate_series(:generate_series_1, :generate_series_2) AS anon_1
            WHERE anon_1.value > :value_1{stop}

        A WITH ORDINALITY expression may be generated by passing the keyword
        argument "with_ordinality":

        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql

            >>> fn = func.generate_series(4, 1, -1).table_valued(
            ...     "gen", with_ordinality="ordinality"
            ... )
            >>> print(select(fn))
            {printsql}SELECT anon_1.gen, anon_1.ordinality
            FROM generate_series(:generate_series_1, :generate_series_2, :generate_series_3) WITH ORDINALITY AS anon_1

        :param \*expr: A series of string column names that will be added to the
         ``.c`` collection of the resulting :class:`_sql.TableValuedAlias`
         construct as columns.  :func:`_sql.column` objects with or without
         datatypes may also be used.

        :param name: optional name to assign to the alias name that's generated.
         If omitted, a unique anonymizing name is used.

        :param with_ordinality: string name that when present results in the
         ``WITH ORDINALITY`` clause being added to the alias, and the given
         string name will be added as a column to the .c collection
         of the resulting :class:`_sql.TableValuedAlias`.

        :param joins_implicitly: when True, the table valued function may be
         used in the FROM clause without any explicit JOIN to other tables
         in the SQL query, and no "cartesian product" warning will be generated.
         May be useful for SQL functions such as ``func.json_each()``.

         .. versionadded:: 1.4.33

        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2


        .. seealso::

            :ref:`tutorial_functions_table_valued` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`

            :ref:`postgresql_table_valued` - in the :ref:`postgresql_toplevel` documentation

            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.scalar_table_valued` - variant of
            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued` which delivers the
            complete table valued expression as a scalar column expression

            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.column_valued`

            :meth:`_sql.TableValuedAlias.render_derived` - renders the alias
            using a derived column clause, e.g. ``AS name(col1, col2, ...)``

        �with_ordinalityN�joins_implicitlyraT�rar�)�	_generate�poprZr3�typer[�alias)rm�expr�kw�new_funcr�r�ras       rT�table_valuedzFunctionElement.table_valued�s���V�>�>�#���&�&�!2�D�9���6�6�"4�d�;���v�v�f�d�#����_�&�&�D�(,�H�%�5C�T�5J�J��
��2��~�~�4�:J�~�K�KrVc�<�|j||��jS)aQReturn this :class:`_functions.FunctionElement` as a column expression that
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        E.g.:

        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql

            >>> from sqlalchemy import select, func
            >>> gs = func.generate_series(1, 5, -1).column_valued()
            >>> print(select(gs))
            {printsql}SELECT anon_1
            FROM generate_series(:generate_series_1, :generate_series_2, :generate_series_3) AS anon_1

        This is shorthand for::

            gs = func.generate_series(1, 5, -1).alias().column

        :param name: optional name to assign to the alias name that's generated.
         If omitted, a unique anonymizing name is used.

        :param joins_implicitly: when True, the "table" portion of the column
         valued function may be a member of the FROM clause without any
         explicit JOIN to other tables in the SQL query, and no "cartesian
         product" warning will be generated. May be useful for SQL functions
         such as ``func.json_array_elements()``.

         .. versionadded:: 1.4.46

        .. seealso::

            :ref:`tutorial_functions_column_valued` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`

            :ref:`postgresql_column_valued` - in the :ref:`postgresql_toplevel` documentation

            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued`

        r�)r��column�rmrar�s   rT�
column_valuedzFunctionElement.column_valuedHs��R�z�z�t�6F�z�G�N�N�NrVc��|jS)aThe set of columns exported by this :class:`.FunctionElement`.

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        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql

            >>> from sqlalchemy import column, select, func
            >>> stmt = select(column("x"), column("y")).select_from(func.myfunction())
            >>> print(stmt)
            {printsql}SELECT x, y FROM myfunction()

        The above form is a legacy feature that is now superseded by the
        fully capable :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued`
        method; see that method for details.

        .. seealso::

            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued` - generates table-valued
            SQL function expressions.

        )ro�rms rT�columnszFunctionElement.columnsss
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��Js�1c��t|j�r"td|jj�}|S|j	d�g}|S)N�!Sequence[KeyedColumnElement[Any]])rr�r�	_elements�label)rm�colss  rTr�z%FunctionElement._all_selected_columns�sF���t�y�y�)��3�T�Y�Y�5H�5H��D����J�J�t�$�%�D��rVc��|jSrwr�r�s rT�exported_columnsz FunctionElement.exported_columns�s���|�|�rVc�J�tt|jj�S)z}Return the underlying :class:`.ClauseList` which contains
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        )rr$rY�elementr�s rTrnzFunctionElement.clauses�s���J�� 0� 0� 8� 8�9�9rV��partition_by�order_by�rows�range_c�"�t|||||��S)aBProduce an OVER clause against this function.

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        for database backends that support window functions.

        The expression::

            func.row_number().over(order_by="x")

        is shorthand for::

            from sqlalchemy import over

            over(func.row_number(), order_by="x")

        See :func:`_expression.over` for a full description.

        .. seealso::

            :func:`_expression.over`

            :ref:`tutorial_window_functions` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`

        r�r,)rmr�r�r�r�s     rT�overzFunctionElement.over�s!��@��%����
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rVc��t|g|���S)a�Produce a WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY expr) clause against this function.

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        :class:`.rank`, :class:`.dense_rank`, etc.

        See :func:`_expression.within_group` for a full description.

        .. seealso::

            :ref:`tutorial_functions_within_group` -
            in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`


        r.)rmr�s  rT�within_groupzFunctionElement.within_group�s��$�4�+�(�+�+rVc��yrwr\r�s rT�filterzFunctionElement.filter�s��!rVc��yrwr\)rm�_FunctionElement__criterion0�	criterions   rTr�zFunctionElement.filter�s��
!rVc�"�|s|St|g|���S)a'Produce a FILTER clause against this function.

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        The expression::

            func.count(1).filter(True)

        is shorthand for::

            from sqlalchemy import funcfilter

            funcfilter(func.count(1), True)

        .. seealso::

            :ref:`tutorial_functions_within_group` -
            in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`

            :class:`.FunctionFilter`

            :func:`.funcfilter`


        r')rmr�s  rTr�zFunctionElement.filter�s��:��K��d�/�Y�/�/rVc��t|||�S)asInterpret this expression as a boolean comparison between two
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        :ref:`relationship_custom_operator_sql_function`.

        A hypothetical SQL function "is_equal()" which compares to values
        for equality would be written in the Core expression language as::

            expr = func.is_equal("a", "b")

        If "is_equal()" above is comparing "a" and "b" for equality, the
        :meth:`.FunctionElement.as_comparison` method would be invoked as::

            expr = func.is_equal("a", "b").as_comparison(1, 2)

        Where above, the integer value "1" refers to the first argument of the
        "is_equal()" function and the integer value "2" refers to the second.

        This would create a :class:`.BinaryExpression` that is equivalent to::

            BinaryExpression("a", "b", operator=op.eq)

        However, at the SQL level it would still render as
        "is_equal('a', 'b')".

        The ORM, when it loads a related object or collection, needs to be able
        to manipulate the "left" and "right" sides of the ON clause of a JOIN
        expression. The purpose of this method is to provide a SQL function
        construct that can also supply this information to the ORM, when used
        with the :paramref:`_orm.relationship.primaryjoin` parameter. The
        return value is a containment object called :class:`.FunctionAsBinary`.

        An ORM example is as follows::

            class Venue(Base):
                __tablename__ = "venue"
                id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
                name = Column(String)

                descendants = relationship(
                    "Venue",
                    primaryjoin=func.instr(
                        remote(foreign(name)), name + "/"
                    ).as_comparison(1, 2)
                    == 1,
                    viewonly=True,
                    order_by=name,
                )

        Above, the "Venue" class can load descendant "Venue" objects by
        determining if the name of the parent Venue is contained within the
        start of the hypothetical descendant value's name, e.g. "parent1" would
        match up to "parent1/child1", but not to "parent2/child1".

        Possible use cases include the "materialized path" example given above,
        as well as making use of special SQL functions such as geometric
        functions to create join conditions.

        :param left_index: the integer 1-based index of the function argument
         that serves as the "left" side of the expression.
        :param right_index: the integer 1-based index of the function argument
         that serves as the "right" side of the expression.

        .. versionadded:: 1.3

        .. seealso::

            :ref:`relationship_custom_operator_sql_function` -
            example use within the ORM

        )�FunctionAsBinary)rm�
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        Nr\)rmr�s  rT�within_group_typez!FunctionElement.within_group_typegs��rVc�H�tj|||j|��S)a+
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        .. tip::

            The :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.alias` method is part of the
            mechanism by which "table valued" SQL functions are created.
            However, most use cases are covered by higher level methods on
            :class:`_functions.FunctionElement` including
            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued`, and
            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.column_valued`.

        This construct wraps the function in a named alias which
        is suitable for the FROM clause, in the style accepted for example
        by PostgreSQL.  A column expression is also provided using the
        special ``.column`` attribute, which may
        be used to refer to the output of the function as a scalar value
        in the columns or where clause, for a backend such as PostgreSQL.

        For a full table-valued expression, use the
        :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued` method first to
        establish named columns.

        e.g.:

        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql

            >>> from sqlalchemy import func, select, column
            >>> data_view = func.unnest([1, 2, 3]).alias("data_view")
            >>> print(select(data_view.column))
            {printsql}SELECT data_view
            FROM unnest(:unnest_1) AS data_view

        The :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.column_valued` method provides
        a shortcut for the above pattern:

        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql

            >>> data_view = func.unnest([1, 2, 3]).column_valued("data_view")
            >>> print(select(data_view))
            {printsql}SELECT data_view
            FROM unnest(:unnest_1) AS data_view

        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2  Added the ``.column`` accessor

        :param name: alias name, will be rendered as ``AS <name>`` in the
         FROM clause

        :param joins_implicitly: when True, the table valued function may be
         used in the FROM clause without any explicit JOIN to other tables
         in the SQL query, and no "cartesian product" warning will be
         generated.  May be useful for SQL functions such as
         ``func.json_each()``.

         .. versionadded:: 1.4.33

        .. seealso::

            :ref:`tutorial_functions_table_valued` -
            in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`

            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued`

            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.scalar_table_valued`

            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.column_valued`


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    The returned object is an instance of :class:`.Function`, and  is a
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        {printsql}SELECT count(sometable.id) FROM sometable

    Any name can be given to :data:`.func`. If the function name is unknown to
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        >>> print(func.current_timestamp())
        {printsql}CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

    To call functions which are present in dot-separated packages,
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        >>> print(func.stats.yield_curve(5, 10))
        {printsql}stats.yield_curve(:yield_curve_1, :yield_curve_2)

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        >>> print(
        ...     func.my_string("hi", type_=Unicode)
        ...     + " "
        ...     + func.my_string("there", type_=Unicode)
        ... )
        {printsql}my_string(:my_string_1) || :my_string_2 || my_string(:my_string_3)

    The object returned by a :data:`.func` call is usually an instance of
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    Functions which are interpreted as "generic" functions know how to
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    functions, see :ref:`generic_functions`.

    .. note::

        The :data:`.func` construct has only limited support for calling
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        parameterization concerns.

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        the DBAPI-level ``callproc()`` method for fully traditional stored
        procedures.

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        :ref:`tutorial_functions` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`

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    :param \*clauses: list of column expressions that form the arguments
     of the SQL function call.

    :param type\_: optional :class:`.TypeEngine` datatype object that will be
     used as the return value of the column expression generated by this
     function call.

    :param packagenames: a string which indicates package prefix names
     to be prepended to the function name when the SQL is generated.
     The :data:`.func` generator creates these when it is called using
     dotted format, e.g.::

        func.mypackage.some_function(col1, col2)

    .. seealso::

        :ref:`tutorial_functions` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`

        :data:`.func` - namespace which produces registered or ad-hoc
        :class:`.Function` instances.

        :class:`.GenericFunction` - allows creation of registered function
        types.

    �functionr]rar�rLrPzTypeEngine[_T].)rr]c��yrwr\�rmrarr]rns     rTrqzFunction.__init__���rVc��yrwr\r�s     rTrqzFunction.__init__r�rVNc��|xsd|_||_tj|�|_tj|g|���y)z�Construct a :class:`.Function`.

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d�Z�xZS)�GenericFunctionatDefine a 'generic' function.

    A generic function is a pre-established :class:`.Function`
    class that is instantiated automatically when called
    by name from the :data:`.func` attribute.    Note that
    calling any name from :data:`.func` has the effect that
    a new :class:`.Function` instance is created automatically,
    given that name.  The primary use case for defining
    a :class:`.GenericFunction` class is so that a function
    of a particular name may be given a fixed return type.
    It can also include custom argument parsing schemes as well
    as additional methods.

    Subclasses of :class:`.GenericFunction` are automatically
    registered under the name of the class.  For
    example, a user-defined function ``as_utc()`` would
    be available immediately::

        from sqlalchemy.sql.functions import GenericFunction
        from sqlalchemy.types import DateTime


        class as_utc(GenericFunction):
            type = DateTime()
            inherit_cache = True


        print(select(func.as_utc()))

    User-defined generic functions can be organized into
    packages by specifying the "package" attribute when defining
    :class:`.GenericFunction`.   Third party libraries
    containing many functions may want to use this in order
    to avoid name conflicts with other systems.   For example,
    if our ``as_utc()`` function were part of a package
    "time"::

        class as_utc(GenericFunction):
            type = DateTime()
            package = "time"
            inherit_cache = True

    The above function would be available from :data:`.func`
    using the package name ``time``::

        print(select(func.time.as_utc()))

    A final option is to allow the function to be accessed
    from one name in :data:`.func` but to render as a different name.
    The ``identifier`` attribute will override the name used to
    access the function as loaded from :data:`.func`, but will retain
    the usage of ``name`` as the rendered name::

        class GeoBuffer(GenericFunction):
            type = Geometry()
            package = "geo"
            name = "ST_Buffer"
            identifier = "buffer"
            inherit_cache = True

    The above function will render as follows:

    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql

        >>> print(func.geo.buffer())
        {printsql}ST_Buffer()

    The name will be rendered as is, however without quoting unless the name
    contains special characters that require quoting.  To force quoting
    on or off for the name, use the :class:`.sqlalchemy.sql.quoted_name`
    construct::

        from sqlalchemy.sql import quoted_name


        class GeoBuffer(GenericFunction):
            type = Geometry()
            package = "geo"
            name = quoted_name("ST_Buffer", True)
            identifier = "buffer"
            inherit_cache = True

    The above function will render as:

    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql

        >>> print(func.geo.buffer())
        {printsql}"ST_Buffer"()

    Type parameters for this class as a
    `generic type <https://peps.python.org/pep-0484/#generics>`_ can be passed
    and should match the type seen in a :class:`_engine.Result`. For example::

        class as_utc(GenericFunction[datetime.datetime]):
            type = DateTime()
            inherit_cache = True

    The above indicates that the following expression returns a ``datetime``
    object::

        connection.scalar(select(func.as_utc()))

    .. versionadded:: 1.3.13  The :class:`.quoted_name` construct is now
       recognized for quoting when used with the "name" attribute of the
       object, so that quoting can be forced on or off for the function
       name.


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    modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.

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    TNr�r\rVrTrvrvPs����MrVrvc��eZdZdZdZdZy)r�a|Implement the ``percentile_cont`` ordered-set aggregate function.

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    modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.

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    expression's type.

    TN�r�r�r�r�rr�r\rVrTr�r�]���	�"���MrVr�c��eZdZdZdZdZy)r�a|Implement the ``percentile_disc`` ordered-set aggregate function.

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    modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.

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    or if the arguments are an array, an :class:`_types.ARRAY` of the sort
    expression's type.

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�ZdZy)r�aImplement the ``rank`` hypothetical-set aggregate function.

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    TN�r�r�r�r�rr�r�r�r\rVrTr�r�}�����8����D��MrVr�c�6�eZdZdZej
�ZdZy)r]aImplement the ``dense_rank`` hypothetical-set aggregate function.

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    modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.

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    TNrr\rVrTr]r]�rrVr]c�B�eZdZUdZej
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    �!sqltypes.Numeric[decimal.Decimal]r�TN�	r�r�r�r�r�Numericr�r�r�r\rVrTr~r~��$���/?�h�.>�.>�.@�D�
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    rr�TNrr\rVrTrQrQ�rrVrQc��eZdZdZdZdZy)rOaSImplement the ``CUBE`` grouping operation.

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    e.g. :meth:`_expression.Select.group_by`::

        stmt = select(
            func.sum(table.c.value), table.c.col_1, table.c.col_2
        ).group_by(func.cube(table.c.col_1, table.c.col_2))

    .. versionadded:: 1.2

    TNr�r\rVrTrOrO������I��MrVrOc��eZdZdZdZdZy)r�aWImplement the ``ROLLUP`` grouping operation.

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    e.g. :meth:`_expression.Select.group_by`::

        stmt = select(
            func.sum(table.c.value), table.c.col_1, table.c.col_2
        ).group_by(func.rollup(table.c.col_1, table.c.col_2))

    .. versionadded:: 1.2

    TNr�r\rVrTr�r��rrVr�c��eZdZdZdZdZy)rca�Implement the ``GROUPING SETS`` grouping operation.

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        stmt = select(
            func.sum(table.c.value), table.c.col_1, table.c.col_2
        ).group_by(func.grouping_sets(table.c.col_1, table.c.col_2))

    In order to group by multiple sets, use the :func:`.tuple_` construct::

        from sqlalchemy import tuple_

        stmt = select(
            func.sum(table.c.value), table.c.col_1, table.c.col_2, table.c.col_3
        ).group_by(
            func.grouping_sets(
                tuple_(table.c.col_1, table.c.col_2),
                tuple_(table.c.value, table.c.col_3),
            )
        )

    .. versionadded:: 1.2

    TNr�r\rVrTrcrc�s���4�I��MrVrcc�N��eZdZdZej
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    such as ``group_concat()``, ``string_agg()``, or ``LISTAGG()``.

    e.g. Example usage with delimiter '.'::

        stmt = select(func.aggregate_strings(table.c.str_col, "."))

    The return type of this function is :class:`.String`.

    .. versionadded: 2.0.21

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