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e�f f Z� e;�j* d�d�i� Z�d�ekd�< G d�� d�et� Z� G d�� d�e�er� Z� G d�� d�e�e�er� Z�y)�a/ The schema module provides the building blocks for database metadata.
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tables, columns, sequences, and indexes.
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defined in this module they are intended to be agnostic of any vendor-specific
constructs.
A collection of entities are grouped into a unit called
:class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData`. MetaData serves as a logical grouping of
schema elements, and can also be associated with an actual database connection
such that operations involving the contained elements can contact the database
as needed.
Two of the elements here also build upon their "syntactic" counterparts, which
are defined in :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.`, specifically
:class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` and :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Column`.
Since these objects are part of the SQL expression language, they are usable
as components in SQL expressions.
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.. versionadded:: 2.0
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phase for a construct such as :class:`.CreateTable`.
:meth:`.HasConditionalDDL.ddl_if` currently applies towards the
:class:`.Index` construct as well as all :class:`.Constraint`
constructs.
:param dialect: string name of a dialect, or a tuple of string names
to indicate multiple dialect types.
:param callable\_: a callable that is constructed using the same form
as that described in
:paramref:`.ExecutableDDLElement.execute_if.callable_`.
:param state: any arbitrary object that will be passed to the
callable, if present.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
.. seealso::
:ref:`schema_ddl_ddl_if` - background and usage examples
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)
The :class:`_schema.Table`
object constructs a unique instance of itself based
on its name and optional schema name within the given
:class:`_schema.MetaData` object. Calling the :class:`_schema.Table`
constructor with the same name and same :class:`_schema.MetaData` argument
a second time will return the *same* :class:`_schema.Table`
object - in this way
the :class:`_schema.Table` constructor acts as a registry function.
.. seealso::
:ref:`metadata_describing` - Introduction to database metadata
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�� | j6 || xs |xs |i d�� y) aq6 Constructor for :class:`_schema.Table`.
:param name: The name of this table as represented in the database.
The table name, along with the value of the ``schema`` parameter,
forms a key which uniquely identifies this :class:`_schema.Table`
within
the owning :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection.
Additional calls to :class:`_schema.Table` with the same name,
metadata,
and schema name will return the same :class:`_schema.Table` object.
Names which contain no upper case characters
will be treated as case insensitive names, and will not be quoted
unless they are a reserved word or contain special characters.
A name with any number of upper case characters is considered
to be case sensitive, and will be sent as quoted.
To enable unconditional quoting for the table name, specify the flag
``quote=True`` to the constructor, or use the :class:`.quoted_name`
construct to specify the name.
:param metadata: a :class:`_schema.MetaData`
object which will contain this
table. The metadata is used as a point of association of this table
with other tables which are referenced via foreign key. It also
may be used to associate this table with a particular
:class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine`.
:param \*args: Additional positional arguments are used primarily
to add the list of :class:`_schema.Column`
objects contained within this
table. Similar to the style of a CREATE TABLE statement, other
:class:`.SchemaItem` constructs may be added here, including
:class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`, and
:class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
:param autoload_replace: Defaults to ``True``; when using
:paramref:`_schema.Table.autoload_with`
in conjunction with :paramref:`_schema.Table.extend_existing`,
indicates
that :class:`_schema.Column` objects present in the already-existing
:class:`_schema.Table`
object should be replaced with columns of the same
name retrieved from the autoload process. When ``False``, columns
already present under existing names will be omitted from the
reflection process.
Note that this setting does not impact :class:`_schema.Column` objects
specified programmatically within the call to :class:`_schema.Table`
that
also is autoloading; those :class:`_schema.Column` objects will always
replace existing columns of the same name when
:paramref:`_schema.Table.extend_existing` is ``True``.
.. seealso::
:paramref:`_schema.Table.autoload_with`
:paramref:`_schema.Table.extend_existing`
:param autoload_with: An :class:`_engine.Engine` or
:class:`_engine.Connection` object,
or a :class:`_reflection.Inspector` object as returned by
:func:`_sa.inspect`
against one, with which this :class:`_schema.Table`
object will be reflected.
When set to a non-None value, the autoload process will take place
for this table against the given engine or connection.
.. seealso::
:ref:`metadata_reflection_toplevel`
:meth:`_events.DDLEvents.column_reflect`
:ref:`metadata_reflection_dbagnostic_types`
:param extend_existing: When ``True``, indicates that if this
:class:`_schema.Table` is already present in the given
:class:`_schema.MetaData`,
apply further arguments within the constructor to the existing
:class:`_schema.Table`.
If :paramref:`_schema.Table.extend_existing` or
:paramref:`_schema.Table.keep_existing` are not set,
and the given name
of the new :class:`_schema.Table` refers to a :class:`_schema.Table`
that is
already present in the target :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection,
and
this :class:`_schema.Table`
specifies additional columns or other constructs
or flags that modify the table's state, an
error is raised. The purpose of these two mutually-exclusive flags
is to specify what action should be taken when a
:class:`_schema.Table`
is specified that matches an existing :class:`_schema.Table`,
yet specifies
additional constructs.
:paramref:`_schema.Table.extend_existing`
will also work in conjunction
with :paramref:`_schema.Table.autoload_with` to run a new reflection
operation against the database, even if a :class:`_schema.Table`
of the same name is already present in the target
:class:`_schema.MetaData`; newly reflected :class:`_schema.Column`
objects
and other options will be added into the state of the
:class:`_schema.Table`, potentially overwriting existing columns
and options of the same name.
As is always the case with :paramref:`_schema.Table.autoload_with`,
:class:`_schema.Column` objects can be specified in the same
:class:`_schema.Table`
constructor, which will take precedence. Below, the existing
table ``mytable`` will be augmented with :class:`_schema.Column`
objects
both reflected from the database, as well as the given
:class:`_schema.Column`
named "y"::
Table(
"mytable",
metadata,
Column("y", Integer),
extend_existing=True,
autoload_with=engine,
)
.. seealso::
:paramref:`_schema.Table.autoload_with`
:paramref:`_schema.Table.autoload_replace`
:paramref:`_schema.Table.keep_existing`
:param implicit_returning: True by default - indicates that
RETURNING can be used, typically by the ORM, in order to fetch
server-generated values such as primary key values and
server side defaults, on those backends which support RETURNING.
In modern SQLAlchemy there is generally no reason to alter this
setting, except for some backend specific cases
(see :ref:`mssql_triggers` in the SQL Server dialect documentation
for one such example).
:param include_columns: A list of strings indicating a subset of
columns to be loaded via the ``autoload`` operation; table columns who
aren't present in this list will not be represented on the resulting
``Table`` object. Defaults to ``None`` which indicates all columns
should be reflected.
:param resolve_fks: Whether or not to reflect :class:`_schema.Table`
objects
related to this one via :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` objects, when
:paramref:`_schema.Table.autoload_with` is
specified. Defaults to True. Set to False to disable reflection of
related tables as :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`
objects are encountered; may be
used either to save on SQL calls or to avoid issues with related tables
that can't be accessed. Note that if a related table is already present
in the :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection, or becomes present later,
a
:class:`_schema.ForeignKey` object associated with this
:class:`_schema.Table` will
resolve to that table normally.
.. versionadded:: 1.3
.. seealso::
:paramref:`.MetaData.reflect.resolve_fks`
:param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
:attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
:param keep_existing: When ``True``, indicates that if this Table
is already present in the given :class:`_schema.MetaData`, ignore
further arguments within the constructor to the existing
:class:`_schema.Table`, and return the :class:`_schema.Table`
object as
originally created. This is to allow a function that wishes
to define a new :class:`_schema.Table` on first call, but on
subsequent calls will return the same :class:`_schema.Table`,
without any of the declarations (particularly constraints)
being applied a second time.
If :paramref:`_schema.Table.extend_existing` or
:paramref:`_schema.Table.keep_existing` are not set,
and the given name
of the new :class:`_schema.Table` refers to a :class:`_schema.Table`
that is
already present in the target :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection,
and
this :class:`_schema.Table`
specifies additional columns or other constructs
or flags that modify the table's state, an
error is raised. The purpose of these two mutually-exclusive flags
is to specify what action should be taken when a
:class:`_schema.Table`
is specified that matches an existing :class:`_schema.Table`,
yet specifies
additional constructs.
.. seealso::
:paramref:`_schema.Table.extend_existing`
:param listeners: A list of tuples of the form ``(<eventname>, <fn>)``
which will be passed to :func:`.event.listen` upon construction.
This alternate hook to :func:`.event.listen` allows the establishment
of a listener function specific to this :class:`_schema.Table` before
the "autoload" process begins. Historically this has been intended
for use with the :meth:`.DDLEvents.column_reflect` event, however
note that this event hook may now be associated with the
:class:`_schema.MetaData` object directly::
def listen_for_reflect(table, column_info):
"handle the column reflection event"
# ...
t = Table(
"sometable",
autoload_with=engine,
listeners=[("column_reflect", listen_for_reflect)],
)
.. seealso::
:meth:`_events.DDLEvents.column_reflect`
:param must_exist: When ``True``, indicates that this Table must already
be present in the given :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection, else
an exception is raised.
:param prefixes:
A list of strings to insert after CREATE in the CREATE TABLE
statement. They will be separated by spaces.
:param quote: Force quoting of this table's name on or off, corresponding
to ``True`` or ``False``. When left at its default of ``None``,
the column identifier will be quoted according to whether the name is
case sensitive (identifiers with at least one upper case character are
treated as case sensitive), or if it's a reserved word. This flag
is only needed to force quoting of a reserved word which is not known
by the SQLAlchemy dialect.
.. note:: setting this flag to ``False`` will not provide
case-insensitive behavior for table reflection; table reflection
will always search for a mixed-case name in a case sensitive
fashion. Case insensitive names are specified in SQLAlchemy only
by stating the name with all lower case characters.
:param quote_schema: same as 'quote' but applies to the schema identifier.
:param schema: The schema name for this table, which is required if
the table resides in a schema other than the default selected schema
for the engine's database connection. Defaults to ``None``.
If the owning :class:`_schema.MetaData` of this :class:`_schema.Table`
specifies its
own :paramref:`_schema.MetaData.schema` parameter,
then that schema name will
be applied to this :class:`_schema.Table`
if the schema parameter here is set
to ``None``. To set a blank schema name on a :class:`_schema.Table`
that
would otherwise use the schema set on the owning
:class:`_schema.MetaData`,
specify the special symbol :attr:`.BLANK_SCHEMA`.
The quoting rules for the schema name are the same as those for the
``name`` parameter, in that quoting is applied for reserved words or
case-sensitive names; to enable unconditional quoting for the schema
name, specify the flag ``quote_schema=True`` to the constructor, or use
the :class:`.quoted_name` construct to specify the name.
:param comment: Optional string that will render an SQL comment on table
creation.
.. versionadded:: 1.2 Added the :paramref:`_schema.Table.comment`
parameter
to :class:`_schema.Table`.
:param \**kw: Additional keyword arguments not mentioned above are
dialect specific, and passed in the form ``<dialectname>_<argname>``.
See the documentation regarding an individual dialect at
:ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on documented arguments.
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:attr:`_schema.Table.foreign_keys`
:attr:`_schema.Table.indexes`
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a determine a candidate column (or columns, in case of a client
generated composite primary key) which can be used as an
"insert sentinel" for an INSERT statement.
The returned structure, :class:`_SentinelColumnCharacterization`,
includes all the details needed by :class:`.Dialect` and
:class:`.SQLCompiler` to determine if these column(s) can be used
as an INSERT..RETURNING sentinel for a particular database
dialect.
.. versionadded:: 2.0.10
FNTr zQCan't use IDENTITY default with negative increment as an explicit sentinel columnzColumn z� has been marked as a sentinel column with no default generation function; it at least needs to be marked nullable=False assuming user-populated sentinel values will be used.zQCan't use SEQUENCE default with negative increment as an explicit sentinel columnzn can't be a sentinel column because it uses an explicit server side default that's not the Identity() default.)r� r! r" �UNKNOWN�identity�_increment_is_negativer2 r� �IDENTITYr~ �server_default�nullable�NONE� is_sentinel�SENTINEL_DEFAULT�default_is_sequence�SEQUENCE� is_callable�
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�
rb c � � | j S )a� Returns the :class:`.Column` object which currently represents
the "auto increment" column, if any, else returns None.
This is based on the rules for :class:`.Column` as defined by the
:paramref:`.Column.autoincrement` parameter, which generally means the
column within a single integer column primary key constraint that is
not constrained by a foreign key. If the table does not have such
a primary key constraint, then there's no "autoincrement" column.
A :class:`.Table` may have only one column defined as the
"autoincrement" column.
.. versionadded:: 2.0.4
.. seealso::
:paramref:`.Column.autoincrement`
)r! r� s rc �autoincrement_columnzTable.autoincrement_column| s � �( �)�)�)rb c �B � t | j | j � S )a� Return the 'key' for this :class:`_schema.Table`.
This value is used as the dictionary key within the
:attr:`_schema.MetaData.tables` collection. It is typically the same
as that of :attr:`_schema.Table.name` for a table with no
:attr:`_schema.Table.schema`
set; otherwise it is typically of the form
``schemaname.tablename``.
)rh rf rg r� s rc ro z Table.key� s � � �d�i�i����5�5rb c �. � ddj t | j � gt | j � gz | j D �cg c]
}t |� �� c}z dD �cg c] }|�dt t | |� � ���� c}z � z S c c}w c c}w )Nz Table(%s)�, �rg �=)�join�reprrf r� r� �getattr)r� �x�ks rc r� zTable.__repr__� s� � ��T�Y�Y�
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Table.__str__� s � � �d� .� .�� � �<�<rb c �: � | j j |� y)a� Add a 'dependency' for this Table.
This is another Table object which must be created
first before this one can, or dropped after this one.
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ForeignKey objects. However, for other situations that
create dependencies outside of foreign keys (rules, inheriting),
this method can manually establish such a link.
N)r� �add�r� rn s rc �add_is_dependent_onzTable.add_is_dependent_on� s � �
� � �$�$�U�+rb c � � |j | || j D �ci c] }|j |�� c}�� yc c}w # t j $ r+}t j |j
d � d�� |�d}~ww xY w)a� Append a :class:`_schema.Column` to this :class:`_schema.Table`.
The "key" of the newly added :class:`_schema.Column`, i.e. the
value of its ``.key`` attribute, will then be available
in the ``.c`` collection of this :class:`_schema.Table`, and the
column definition will be included in any CREATE TABLE, SELECT,
UPDATE, etc. statements generated from this :class:`_schema.Table`
construct.
Note that this does **not** change the definition of the table
as it exists within any underlying database, assuming that
table has already been created in the database. Relational
databases support the addition of columns to existing tables
using the SQL ALTER command, which would need to be
emitted for an already-existing table that doesn't contain
the newly added column.
:param replace_existing: When ``True``, allows replacing existing
columns. When ``False``, the default, an warning will be raised
if a column with the same ``.key`` already exists. A future
version of sqlalchemy will instead rise a warning.
.. versionadded:: 1.4.0
r� r zV Specify replace_existing=True to Table.append_column() to replace an existing column.N)r� rp rf r2 �DuplicateColumnErrorr� )r� �column�replace_existingrp �des rc �
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�� �s! �? �: �? �? �A=�&A8�8A=c �& � |j | � y)a� Append a :class:`_schema.Constraint` to this
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future CREATE TABLE statement, assuming specific DDL creation
events have not been associated with the given
:class:`_schema.Constraint` object.
Note that this does **not** produce the constraint within the
relational database automatically, for a table that already exists
in the database. To add a constraint to an
existing relational database table, the SQL ALTER command must
be used. SQLAlchemy also provides the
:class:`.AddConstraint` construct which can produce this SQL when
invoked as an executable clause.
N�r� )r� r s rc �append_constraintzTable.append_constraint� s � �& �,�,�T�2rb c � � |}t |t � sJ �|j | j | j | � || _ y rk )rl �MetaDatar� rf rg r� )r� �parentrr r� s rc � _set_parentzTable._set_parent� s8 � ����(�H�-�-�-����D�I�I�t�{�{�D�9� ��
rb c �H � |j t j | |�� y)z�Issue a ``CREATE`` statement for this
:class:`_schema.Table`, using the given
:class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine`
for connectivity.
.. seealso::
:meth:`_schema.MetaData.create_all`.
��
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� � �c� 1� 1�4�J� �Orb c �H � |j t j | |�� y)z�Issue a ``DROP`` statement for this
:class:`_schema.Table`, using the given
:class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine` for connectivity.
.. seealso::
:meth:`_schema.MetaData.drop_all`.
r\ N�r_ r �
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� � �c� /� /��*� �Mrb r� zP:meth:`_schema.Table.tometadata` is renamed to :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata`c �, � | j ||||�� S )z�Return a copy of this :class:`_schema.Table`
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different :class:`_schema.MetaData`.
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m1 = MetaData()
user = Table("user", m1, Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True))
m2 = MetaData()
user_copy = user.to_metadata(m2)
.. versionchanged:: 1.4 The :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata` function
was renamed from :meth:`_schema.Table.tometadata`.
:param metadata: Target :class:`_schema.MetaData` object,
into which the
new :class:`_schema.Table` object will be created.
:param schema: optional string name indicating the target schema.
Defaults to the special symbol :attr:`.RETAIN_SCHEMA` which indicates
that no change to the schema name should be made in the new
:class:`_schema.Table`. If set to a string name, the new
:class:`_schema.Table`
will have this new name as the ``.schema``. If set to ``None``, the
schema will be set to that of the schema set on the target
:class:`_schema.MetaData`, which is typically ``None`` as well,
unless
set explicitly::
m2 = MetaData(schema="newschema")
# user_copy_one will have "newschema" as the schema name
user_copy_one = user.to_metadata(m2, schema=None)
m3 = MetaData() # schema defaults to None
# user_copy_two will have None as the schema name
user_copy_two = user.to_metadata(m3, schema=None)
:param referred_schema_fn: optional callable which can be supplied
in order to provide for the schema name that should be assigned
to the referenced table of a :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
The callable accepts this parent :class:`_schema.Table`, the
target schema that we are changing to, the
:class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` object, and the existing
"target schema" of that constraint. The function should return the
string schema name that should be applied. To reset the schema
to "none", return the symbol :data:`.BLANK_SCHEMA`. To effect no
change, return ``None`` or :data:`.RETAIN_SCHEMA`.
.. versionchanged:: 1.4.33 The ``referred_schema_fn`` function
may return the :data:`.BLANK_SCHEMA` or :data:`.RETAIN_SCHEMA`
symbols.
E.g.::
def referred_schema_fn(table, to_schema, constraint, referred_schema):
if referred_schema == "base_tables":
return referred_schema
else:
return to_schema
new_table = table.to_metadata(
m2, schema="alt_schema", referred_schema_fn=referred_schema_fn
)
:param name: optional string name indicating the target table name.
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a :class:`_schema.Table` to be copied to the same
:class:`_schema.MetaData` target
with a new name.
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Construct a new ``Column`` object.
:param name: The name of this column as represented in the database.
This argument may be the first positional argument, or specified
via keyword.
Names which contain no upper case characters
will be treated as case insensitive names, and will not be quoted
unless they are a reserved word. Names with any number of upper
case characters will be quoted and sent exactly. Note that this
behavior applies even for databases which standardize upper
case names as case insensitive such as Oracle Database.
The name field may be omitted at construction time and applied
later, at any time before the Column is associated with a
:class:`_schema.Table`. This is to support convenient
usage within the :mod:`~sqlalchemy.ext.declarative` extension.
:param type\_: The column's type, indicated using an instance which
subclasses :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine`. If no arguments
are required for the type, the class of the type can be sent
as well, e.g.::
# use a type with arguments
Column("data", String(50))
# use no arguments
Column("level", Integer)
The ``type`` argument may be the second positional argument
or specified by keyword.
If the ``type`` is ``None`` or is omitted, it will first default to
the special type :class:`.NullType`. If and when this
:class:`_schema.Column` is made to refer to another column using
:class:`_schema.ForeignKey` and/or
:class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`, the type
of the remote-referenced column will be copied to this column as
well, at the moment that the foreign key is resolved against that
remote :class:`_schema.Column` object.
:param \*args: Additional positional arguments include various
:class:`.SchemaItem` derived constructs which will be applied
as options to the column. These include instances of
:class:`.Constraint`, :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`,
:class:`.ColumnDefault`, :class:`.Sequence`, :class:`.Computed`
:class:`.Identity`. In some cases an
equivalent keyword argument is available such as ``server_default``,
``default`` and ``unique``.
:param autoincrement: Set up "auto increment" semantics for an
**integer primary key column with no foreign key dependencies**
(see later in this docstring for a more specific definition).
This may influence the :term:`DDL` that will be emitted for
this column during a table create, as well as how the column
will be considered when INSERT statements are compiled and
executed.
The default value is the string ``"auto"``,
which indicates that a single-column (i.e. non-composite) primary key
that is of an INTEGER type with no other client-side or server-side
default constructs indicated should receive auto increment semantics
automatically. Other values include ``True`` (force this column to
have auto-increment semantics for a :term:`composite primary key` as
well), ``False`` (this column should never have auto-increment
semantics), and the string ``"ignore_fk"`` (special-case for foreign
key columns, see below).
The term "auto increment semantics" refers both to the kind of DDL
that will be emitted for the column within a CREATE TABLE statement,
when methods such as :meth:`.MetaData.create_all` and
:meth:`.Table.create` are invoked, as well as how the column will be
considered when an INSERT statement is compiled and emitted to the
database:
* **DDL rendering** (i.e. :meth:`.MetaData.create_all`,
:meth:`.Table.create`): When used on a :class:`.Column` that has
no other
default-generating construct associated with it (such as a
:class:`.Sequence` or :class:`.Identity` construct), the parameter
will imply that database-specific keywords such as PostgreSQL
``SERIAL``, MySQL ``AUTO_INCREMENT``, or ``IDENTITY`` on SQL Server
should also be rendered. Not every database backend has an
"implied" default generator available; for example the Oracle Database
backends alway needs an explicit construct such as
:class:`.Identity` to be included with a :class:`.Column` in order
for the DDL rendered to include auto-generating constructs to also
be produced in the database.
* **INSERT semantics** (i.e. when a :func:`_sql.insert` construct is
compiled into a SQL string and is then executed on a database using
:meth:`_engine.Connection.execute` or equivalent): A single-row
INSERT statement will be known to produce a new integer primary key
value automatically for this column, which will be accessible
after the statement is invoked via the
:attr:`.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key` attribute upon the
:class:`_result.Result` object. This also applies towards use of the
ORM when ORM-mapped objects are persisted to the database,
indicating that a new integer primary key will be available to
become part of the :term:`identity key` for that object. This
behavior takes place regardless of what DDL constructs are
associated with the :class:`_schema.Column` and is independent
of the "DDL Rendering" behavior discussed in the previous note
above.
The parameter may be set to ``True`` to indicate that a column which
is part of a composite (i.e. multi-column) primary key should
have autoincrement semantics, though note that only one column
within a primary key may have this setting. It can also
be set to ``True`` to indicate autoincrement semantics on a
column that has a client-side or server-side default configured,
however note that not all dialects can accommodate all styles
of default as an "autoincrement". It can also be
set to ``False`` on a single-column primary key that has a
datatype of INTEGER in order to disable auto increment semantics
for that column.
The setting *only* has an effect for columns which are:
* Integer derived (i.e. INT, SMALLINT, BIGINT).
* Part of the primary key
* Not referring to another column via :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`,
unless
the value is specified as ``'ignore_fk'``::
# turn on autoincrement for this column despite
# the ForeignKey()
Column(
"id",
ForeignKey("other.id"),
primary_key=True,
autoincrement="ignore_fk",
)
It is typically not desirable to have "autoincrement" enabled on a
column that refers to another via foreign key, as such a column is
required to refer to a value that originates from elsewhere.
The setting has these effects on columns that meet the
above criteria:
* DDL issued for the column, if the column does not already include
a default generating construct supported by the backend such as
:class:`.Identity`, will include database-specific
keywords intended to signify this column as an
"autoincrement" column for specific backends. Behavior for
primary SQLAlchemy dialects includes:
* AUTO INCREMENT on MySQL and MariaDB
* SERIAL on PostgreSQL
* IDENTITY on MS-SQL - this occurs even without the
:class:`.Identity` construct as the
:paramref:`.Column.autoincrement` parameter pre-dates this
construct.
* SQLite - SQLite integer primary key columns are implicitly
"auto incrementing" and no additional keywords are rendered;
to render the special SQLite keyword ``AUTOINCREMENT``
is not included as this is unnecessary and not recommended
by the database vendor. See the section
:ref:`sqlite_autoincrement` for more background.
* Oracle Database - The Oracle Database dialects have no default "autoincrement"
feature available at this time, instead the :class:`.Identity`
construct is recommended to achieve this (the :class:`.Sequence`
construct may also be used).
* Third-party dialects - consult those dialects' documentation
for details on their specific behaviors.
* When a single-row :func:`_sql.insert` construct is compiled and
executed, which does not set the :meth:`_sql.Insert.inline`
modifier, newly generated primary key values for this column
will be automatically retrieved upon statement execution
using a method specific to the database driver in use:
* MySQL, SQLite - calling upon ``cursor.lastrowid()``
(see
`https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/#lastrowid
<https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/#lastrowid>`_)
* PostgreSQL, SQL Server, Oracle Database - use RETURNING or an equivalent
construct when rendering an INSERT statement, and then retrieving
the newly generated primary key values after execution
* PostgreSQL, Oracle Database for :class:`_schema.Table` objects that
set :paramref:`_schema.Table.implicit_returning` to False -
for a :class:`.Sequence` only, the :class:`.Sequence` is invoked
explicitly before the INSERT statement takes place so that the
newly generated primary key value is available to the client
* SQL Server for :class:`_schema.Table` objects that
set :paramref:`_schema.Table.implicit_returning` to False -
the ``SELECT scope_identity()`` construct is used after the
INSERT statement is invoked to retrieve the newly generated
primary key value.
* Third-party dialects - consult those dialects' documentation
for details on their specific behaviors.
* For multiple-row :func:`_sql.insert` constructs invoked with
a list of parameters (i.e. "executemany" semantics), primary-key
retrieving behaviors are generally disabled, however there may
be special APIs that may be used to retrieve lists of new
primary key values for an "executemany", such as the psycopg2
"fast insertmany" feature. Such features are very new and
may not yet be well covered in documentation.
:param default: A scalar, Python callable, or
:class:`_expression.ColumnElement` expression representing the
*default value* for this column, which will be invoked upon insert
if this column is otherwise not specified in the VALUES clause of
the insert. This is a shortcut to using :class:`.ColumnDefault` as
a positional argument; see that class for full detail on the
structure of the argument.
Contrast this argument to
:paramref:`_schema.Column.server_default`
which creates a default generator on the database side.
.. seealso::
:ref:`metadata_defaults_toplevel`
:param insert_default: An alias of :paramref:`.Column.default`
for compatibility with :func:`_orm.mapped_column`.
.. versionadded: 2.0.31
:param doc: optional String that can be used by the ORM or similar
to document attributes on the Python side. This attribute does
**not** render SQL comments; use the
:paramref:`_schema.Column.comment`
parameter for this purpose.
:param key: An optional string identifier which will identify this
``Column`` object on the :class:`_schema.Table`.
When a key is provided,
this is the only identifier referencing the ``Column`` within the
application, including ORM attribute mapping; the ``name`` field
is used only when rendering SQL.
:param index: When ``True``, indicates that a :class:`_schema.Index`
construct will be automatically generated for this
:class:`_schema.Column`, which will result in a "CREATE INDEX"
statement being emitted for the :class:`_schema.Table` when the DDL
create operation is invoked.
Using this flag is equivalent to making use of the
:class:`_schema.Index` construct explicitly at the level of the
:class:`_schema.Table` construct itself::
Table(
"some_table",
metadata,
Column("x", Integer),
Index("ix_some_table_x", "x"),
)
To add the :paramref:`_schema.Index.unique` flag to the
:class:`_schema.Index`, set both the
:paramref:`_schema.Column.unique` and
:paramref:`_schema.Column.index` flags to True simultaneously,
which will have the effect of rendering the "CREATE UNIQUE INDEX"
DDL instruction instead of "CREATE INDEX".
The name of the index is generated using the
:ref:`default naming convention <constraint_default_naming_convention>`
which for the :class:`_schema.Index` construct is of the form
``ix_<tablename>_<columnname>``.
As this flag is intended only as a convenience for the common case
of adding a single-column, default configured index to a table
definition, explicit use of the :class:`_schema.Index` construct
should be preferred for most use cases, including composite indexes
that encompass more than one column, indexes with SQL expressions
or ordering, backend-specific index configuration options, and
indexes that use a specific name.
.. note:: the :attr:`_schema.Column.index` attribute on
:class:`_schema.Column`
**does not indicate** if this column is indexed or not, only
if this flag was explicitly set here. To view indexes on
a column, view the :attr:`_schema.Table.indexes` collection
or use :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_indexes`.
.. seealso::
:ref:`schema_indexes`
:ref:`constraint_naming_conventions`
:paramref:`_schema.Column.unique`
:param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
:attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
:param nullable: When set to ``False``, will cause the "NOT NULL"
phrase to be added when generating DDL for the column. When
``True``, will normally generate nothing (in SQL this defaults to
"NULL"), except in some very specific backend-specific edge cases
where "NULL" may render explicitly.
Defaults to ``True`` unless :paramref:`_schema.Column.primary_key`
is also ``True`` or the column specifies a :class:`_sql.Identity`,
in which case it defaults to ``False``.
This parameter is only used when issuing CREATE TABLE statements.
.. note::
When the column specifies a :class:`_sql.Identity` this
parameter is in general ignored by the DDL compiler. The
PostgreSQL database allows nullable identity column by
setting this parameter to ``True`` explicitly.
:param onupdate: A scalar, Python callable, or
:class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ClauseElement` representing a
default value to be applied to the column within UPDATE
statements, which will be invoked upon update if this column is not
present in the SET clause of the update. This is a shortcut to
using :class:`.ColumnDefault` as a positional argument with
``for_update=True``.
.. seealso::
:ref:`metadata_defaults` - complete discussion of onupdate
:param primary_key: If ``True``, marks this column as a primary key
column. Multiple columns can have this flag set to specify
composite primary keys. As an alternative, the primary key of a
:class:`_schema.Table` can be specified via an explicit
:class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` object.
:param server_default: A :class:`.FetchedValue` instance, str, Unicode
or :func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.text` construct representing
the DDL DEFAULT value for the column.
String types will be emitted as-is, surrounded by single quotes::
Column("x", Text, server_default="val")
will render:
.. sourcecode:: sql
x TEXT DEFAULT 'val'
A :func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.text` expression will be
rendered as-is, without quotes::
Column("y", DateTime, server_default=text("NOW()"))
will render:
.. sourcecode:: sql
y DATETIME DEFAULT NOW()
Strings and text() will be converted into a
:class:`.DefaultClause` object upon initialization.
This parameter can also accept complex combinations of contextually
valid SQLAlchemy expressions or constructs::
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy import Table, Column, MetaData, ARRAY, Text
from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import array
engine = create_engine(
"postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/mydatabase"
)
metadata_obj = MetaData()
tbl = Table(
"foo",
metadata_obj,
Column(
"bar", ARRAY(Text), server_default=array(["biz", "bang", "bash"])
),
)
metadata_obj.create_all(engine)
The above results in a table created with the following SQL:
.. sourcecode:: sql
CREATE TABLE foo (
bar TEXT[] DEFAULT ARRAY['biz', 'bang', 'bash']
)
Use :class:`.FetchedValue` to indicate that an already-existing
column will generate a default value on the database side which
will be available to SQLAlchemy for post-fetch after inserts. This
construct does not specify any DDL and the implementation is left
to the database, such as via a trigger.
.. seealso::
:ref:`server_defaults` - complete discussion of server side
defaults
:param server_onupdate: A :class:`.FetchedValue` instance
representing a database-side default generation function,
such as a trigger. This
indicates to SQLAlchemy that a newly generated value will be
available after updates. This construct does not actually
implement any kind of generation function within the database,
which instead must be specified separately.
.. warning:: This directive **does not** currently produce MySQL's
"ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()" clause. See
:ref:`mysql_timestamp_onupdate` for background on how to
produce this clause.
.. seealso::
:ref:`triggered_columns`
:param quote: Force quoting of this column's name on or off,
corresponding to ``True`` or ``False``. When left at its default
of ``None``, the column identifier will be quoted according to
whether the name is case sensitive (identifiers with at least one
upper case character are treated as case sensitive), or if it's a
reserved word. This flag is only needed to force quoting of a
reserved word which is not known by the SQLAlchemy dialect.
:param unique: When ``True``, and the :paramref:`_schema.Column.index`
parameter is left at its default value of ``False``,
indicates that a :class:`_schema.UniqueConstraint`
construct will be automatically generated for this
:class:`_schema.Column`,
which will result in a "UNIQUE CONSTRAINT" clause referring
to this column being included
in the ``CREATE TABLE`` statement emitted, when the DDL create
operation for the :class:`_schema.Table` object is invoked.
When this flag is ``True`` while the
:paramref:`_schema.Column.index` parameter is simultaneously
set to ``True``, the effect instead is that a
:class:`_schema.Index` construct which includes the
:paramref:`_schema.Index.unique` parameter set to ``True``
is generated. See the documentation for
:paramref:`_schema.Column.index` for additional detail.
Using this flag is equivalent to making use of the
:class:`_schema.UniqueConstraint` construct explicitly at the
level of the :class:`_schema.Table` construct itself::
Table("some_table", metadata, Column("x", Integer), UniqueConstraint("x"))
The :paramref:`_schema.UniqueConstraint.name` parameter
of the unique constraint object is left at its default value
of ``None``; in the absence of a :ref:`naming convention <constraint_naming_conventions>`
for the enclosing :class:`_schema.MetaData`, the UNIQUE CONSTRAINT
construct will be emitted as unnamed, which typically invokes
a database-specific naming convention to take place.
As this flag is intended only as a convenience for the common case
of adding a single-column, default configured unique constraint to a table
definition, explicit use of the :class:`_schema.UniqueConstraint` construct
should be preferred for most use cases, including composite constraints
that encompass more than one column, backend-specific index configuration options, and
constraints that use a specific name.
.. note:: the :attr:`_schema.Column.unique` attribute on
:class:`_schema.Column`
**does not indicate** if this column has a unique constraint or
not, only if this flag was explicitly set here. To view
indexes and unique constraints that may involve this column,
view the
:attr:`_schema.Table.indexes` and/or
:attr:`_schema.Table.constraints` collections or use
:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_indexes` and/or
:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_unique_constraints`
.. seealso::
:ref:`schema_unique_constraint`
:ref:`constraint_naming_conventions`
:paramref:`_schema.Column.index`
:param system: When ``True``, indicates this is a "system" column,
that is a column which is automatically made available by the
database, and should not be included in the columns list for a
``CREATE TABLE`` statement.
For more elaborate scenarios where columns should be
conditionally rendered differently on different backends,
consider custom compilation rules for :class:`.CreateColumn`.
:param comment: Optional string that will render an SQL comment on
table creation.
.. versionadded:: 1.2 Added the
:paramref:`_schema.Column.comment`
parameter to :class:`_schema.Column`.
:param insert_sentinel: Marks this :class:`_schema.Column` as an
:term:`insert sentinel` used for optimizing the performance of the
:term:`insertmanyvalues` feature for tables that don't
otherwise have qualifying primary key configurations.
.. versionadded:: 2.0.10
.. seealso::
:func:`_schema.insert_sentinel` - all in one helper for declaring
sentinel columns
:ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`
:ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues_sentinel_columns`
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&�Qrb rm T)r~ �omit_from_statementsc �^ � t | |�t j n||�|n t � |d�� S )a� Provides a surrogate :class:`_schema.Column` that will act as a
dedicated insert :term:`sentinel` column, allowing efficient bulk
inserts with deterministic RETURNING sorting for tables that
don't otherwise have qualifying primary key configurations.
Adding this column to a :class:`.Table` object requires that a
corresponding database table actually has this column present, so if adding
it to an existing model, existing database tables would need to be migrated
(e.g. using ALTER TABLE or similar) to include this column.
For background on how this object is used, see the section
:ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues_sentinel_columns` as part of the
section :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`.
The :class:`_schema.Column` returned will be a nullable integer column by
default and make use of a sentinel-specific default generator used only in
"insertmanyvalues" operations.
.. seealso::
:func:`_orm.orm_insert_sentinel`
:paramref:`_schema.Column.insert_sentinel`
:ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`
:ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues_sentinel_columns`
.. versionadded:: 2.0.10
T)rf r� r~ r� r� )rm r � INTEGERTYPE� _InsertSentinelColumnDefault)rf r� r~ r# s rc r� r� �
s8 � �N �
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e � Zd+d�Zd,d�Zej& d-d�� Zd.d�Z d/d�Zd0d�Zej0 d1d�� Zedd� d2d�� Zedd� d3d �� Zd d� d3d �Zd4d �Z d5d �Z d6d!�Z d7d"�Z y)8r aU Defines a dependency between two columns.
``ForeignKey`` is specified as an argument to a :class:`_schema.Column`
object,
e.g.::
t = Table(
"remote_table",
metadata,
Column("remote_id", ForeignKey("main_table.id")),
)
Note that ``ForeignKey`` is only a marker object that defines
a dependency between two columns. The actual constraint
is in all cases represented by the :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
object. This object will be generated automatically when
a ``ForeignKey`` is associated with a :class:`_schema.Column` which
in turn is associated with a :class:`_schema.Table`. Conversely,
when :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` is applied to a
:class:`_schema.Table`,
``ForeignKey`` markers are automatically generated to be
present on each associated :class:`_schema.Column`, which are also
associated with the constraint object.
Note that you cannot define a "composite" foreign key constraint,
that is a constraint between a grouping of multiple parent/child
columns, using ``ForeignKey`` objects. To define this grouping,
the :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` object must be used, and applied
to the :class:`_schema.Table`. The associated ``ForeignKey`` objects
are created automatically.
The ``ForeignKey`` objects associated with an individual
:class:`_schema.Column`
object are available in the `foreign_keys` collection
of that column.
Further examples of foreign key configuration are in
:ref:`metadata_foreignkeys`.
� foreign_keyr rY r� �
_table_columnNc �: � t j t j |� | _ |
| _ t
| j t � rd| _ nl| j | _ t
| j j t d� t f� s,t j d| j j z � �|| _ d| _ || _ || _ || _ || _ || _ || _ | | _ |
| _ | | _ | r| | _ || _ y)a�
Construct a column-level FOREIGN KEY.
The :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` object when constructed generates a
:class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
which is associated with the parent
:class:`_schema.Table` object's collection of constraints.
:param column: A single target column for the key relationship. A
:class:`_schema.Column` object or a column name as a string:
``tablename.columnkey`` or ``schema.tablename.columnkey``.
``columnkey`` is the ``key`` which has been assigned to the column
(defaults to the column name itself), unless ``link_to_name`` is
``True`` in which case the rendered name of the column is used.
:param name: Optional string. An in-database name for the key if
`constraint` is not provided.
:param onupdate: Optional string. If set, emit ON UPDATE <value> when
issuing DDL for this constraint. Typical values include CASCADE,
DELETE and RESTRICT.
:param ondelete: Optional string. If set, emit ON DELETE <value> when
issuing DDL for this constraint. Typical values include CASCADE,
SET NULL and RESTRICT.
:param deferrable: Optional bool. If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT
DEFERRABLE when issuing DDL for this constraint.
:param initially: Optional string. If set, emit INITIALLY <value> when
issuing DDL for this constraint.
:param link_to_name: if True, the string name given in ``column`` is
the rendered name of the referenced column, not its locally
assigned ``key``.
:param use_alter: passed to the underlying
:class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
to indicate the constraint should
be generated/dropped externally from the CREATE TABLE/ DROP TABLE
statement. See :paramref:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint.use_alter`
for further description.
.. seealso::
:paramref:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint.use_alter`
:ref:`use_alter`
:param match: Optional string. If set, emit MATCH <value> when issuing
DDL for this constraint. Typical values include SIMPLE, PARTIAL
and FULL.
:param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
:attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
:param comment: Optional string that will render an SQL comment on
foreign key constraint creation.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
:param \**dialect_kw: Additional keyword arguments are dialect
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dd�Zddd�Zddd�Zdd�Z� xZS ) r ac Represents a named database sequence.
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or :class:`_engine.Connection`,
rendering the appropriate "next value" function
for the target database and returning a result.
The :class:`.Sequence` is typically associated with a primary key column::
some_table = Table(
"some_table",
metadata,
Column(
"id",
Integer,
Sequence("some_table_seq", start=1),
primary_key=True,
),
)
When CREATE TABLE is emitted for the above :class:`_schema.Table`, if the
target platform supports sequences, a CREATE SEQUENCE statement will
be emitted as well. For platforms that don't support sequences,
the :class:`.Sequence` construct is ignored.
.. seealso::
:ref:`defaults_sequences`
:class:`.CreateSequence`
:class:`.DropSequence`
�sequenceTr� rP zOptional[TypeEngine[int]]� data_typec �� � t j | |�� t j | ||||||||
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t || � | _ |r| j |� | �t | � | _ yd| _ y)a� Construct a :class:`.Sequence` object.
:param name: the name of the sequence.
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used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to the database
as the value of the "START WITH" clause. If ``None``, the
clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates a starting
value of 1.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0 The :paramref:`.Sequence.start` parameter
is required in order to have DDL emit "START WITH". This is a
reversal of a change made in version 1.4 which would implicitly
render "START WITH 1" if the :paramref:`.Sequence.start` were
not included. See :ref:`change_7211` for more detail.
:param increment: the increment value of the sequence. This
value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to
the database as the value of the "INCREMENT BY" clause. If ``None``,
the clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates an
increment of 1.
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value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to
the database as the value of the "MINVALUE" clause. If ``None``,
the clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates a
minvalue of 1 and -2^63-1 for ascending and descending sequences,
respectively.
:param maxvalue: the maximum value of the sequence. This
value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to
the database as the value of the "MAXVALUE" clause. If ``None``,
the clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates a
maxvalue of 2^63-1 and -1 for ascending and descending sequences,
respectively.
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value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to
the database as the value of the "NO MINVALUE" clause. If ``None``,
the clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates a
minvalue of 1 and -2^63-1 for ascending and descending sequences,
respectively.
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value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to
the database as the value of the "NO MAXVALUE" clause. If ``None``,
the clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates a
maxvalue of 2^63-1 and -1 for ascending and descending sequences,
respectively.
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or minvalue has been reached by an ascending or descending sequence
respectively. This value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command
is emitted to the database as the "CYCLE" clause. If the limit is
reached, the next number generated will be the minvalue or maxvalue,
respectively. If cycle=False (the default) any calls to nextval
after the sequence has reached its maximum value will return an
error.
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schema name when a :class:`_schema.MetaData`
is also present are the same
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sequence which are calculated in advance. Renders the CACHE keyword
understood by Oracle Database and PostgreSQL.
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is definitively ordered. May be necessary to provide deterministic
ordering using Oracle RAC.
:param data_type: The type to be returned by the sequence, for
dialects that allow us to choose between INTEGER, BIGINT, etc.
(e.g., mssql).
.. versionadded:: 1.4.0
:param optional: boolean value, when ``True``, indicates that this
:class:`.Sequence` object only needs to be explicitly generated
on backends that don't provide another way to generate primary
key identifiers. Currently, it essentially means, "don't create
this sequence on the PostgreSQL backend, where the SERIAL keyword
creates a sequence for us automatically".
:param quote: boolean value, when ``True`` or ``False``, explicitly
forces quoting of the :paramref:`_schema.Sequence.name` on or off.
When left at its default of ``None``, normal quoting rules based
on casing and reserved words take place.
:param quote_schema: Set the quoting preferences for the ``schema``
name.
:param metadata: optional :class:`_schema.MetaData` object which this
:class:`.Sequence` will be associated with. A :class:`.Sequence`
that is associated with a :class:`_schema.MetaData`
gains the following
capabilities:
* The :class:`.Sequence` will inherit the
:paramref:`_schema.MetaData.schema`
parameter specified to the target :class:`_schema.MetaData`, which
affects the production of CREATE / DROP DDL, if any.
* The :meth:`.Sequence.create` and :meth:`.Sequence.drop` methods
automatically use the engine bound to the :class:`_schema.MetaData`
object, if any.
* The :meth:`_schema.MetaData.create_all` and
:meth:`_schema.MetaData.drop_all`
methods will emit CREATE / DROP for this :class:`.Sequence`,
even if the :class:`.Sequence` is not associated with any
:class:`_schema.Table` / :class:`_schema.Column`
that's a member of this
:class:`_schema.MetaData`.
The above behaviors can only occur if the :class:`.Sequence` is
explicitly associated with the :class:`_schema.MetaData`
via this parameter.
.. seealso::
:ref:`sequence_metadata` - full discussion of the
:paramref:`.Sequence.metadata` parameter.
:param for_update: Indicates this :class:`.Sequence`, when associated
with a :class:`_schema.Column`,
should be invoked for UPDATE statements
on that column's table, rather than for INSERT statements, when
no value is otherwise present for that column in the statement.
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.. versionadded:: 2.0
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issuing DDL for this constraint. Typical values include CASCADE,
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issuing DDL for this constraint. Typical values include CASCADE,
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the full collection of tables are dropped.
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:meth:`_schema.MetaData.drop_all`
methods will perform this resolution
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.. seealso::
:ref:`use_alter`
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foreign key constraint creation.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
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A table-level PRIMARY KEY constraint.
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on any :class:`_schema.Table` object; it is assigned a set of
:class:`_schema.Column` objects corresponding to those marked with
the :paramref:`_schema.Column.primary_key` flag::
>>> my_table = Table(
... "mytable",
... metadata,
... Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
... Column("version_id", Integer, primary_key=True),
... Column("data", String(50)),
... )
>>> my_table.primary_key
PrimaryKeyConstraint(
Column('id', Integer(), table=<mytable>,
primary_key=True, nullable=False),
Column('version_id', Integer(), table=<mytable>,
primary_key=True, nullable=False)
)
The primary key of a :class:`_schema.Table` can also be specified by using
a :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` object explicitly; in this mode of usage,
the "name" of the constraint can also be specified, as well as other
options which may be recognized by dialects::
my_table = Table(
"mytable",
metadata,
Column("id", Integer),
Column("version_id", Integer),
Column("data", String(50)),
PrimaryKeyConstraint("id", "version_id", name="mytable_pk"),
)
The two styles of column-specification should generally not be mixed.
An warning is emitted if the columns present in the
:class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`
don't match the columns that were marked as ``primary_key=True``, if both
are present; in this case, the columns are taken strictly from the
:class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` declaration, and those columns otherwise
marked as ``primary_key=True`` are ignored. This behavior is intended to
be backwards compatible with previous behavior.
For the use case where specific options are to be specified on the
:class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`, but the usual style of using
``primary_key=True`` flags is still desirable, an empty
:class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` may be specified, which will take on the
primary key column collection from the :class:`_schema.Table` based on the
flags::
my_table = Table(
"mytable",
metadata,
Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
Column("version_id", Integer, primary_key=True),
Column("data", String(50)),
PrimaryKeyConstraint(name="mytable_pk", mssql_clustered=True),
)
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|_ �% |r | j j% |� y y c c}w ) Nr? c 3 �: K � | ] }d |j z �� � y�wr' �rf r( s rc r* z3PrimaryKeyConstraint._set_parent.<locals>.<genexpr>x s � �� �$H�i��V�a�f�f�_�i�� �c 3 �: K � | ] }d |j z �� � y�wr' r� r( s rc r* z3PrimaryKeyConstraint._set_parent.<locals>.<genexpr>y s � �� � G� �A������ �r� r� z' specifies columns z= as primary_key=True, not matching locally specified columns z-; setting the current primary key columns to z:. This warning may become an exception in a future releaseTF)rl rV r� rZ r� r� r# rK rp r� r� rB r4 rr rf r� r` r( �extend) r� rY rr rn rp � table_pks� table_pk_str�col_strr� s �rc rZ z PrimaryKeyConstraint._set_parentg sk �� ����%��'�'�'�
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| j � y)aK repopulate this :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` given
a set of columns.
Existing columns in the table that are marked as primary_key=True
are maintained.
Also fires a new event.
This is basically like putting a whole new
:class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` object on the parent
:class:`_schema.Table` object without actually replacing the object.
The ordering of the given list of columns is also maintained; these
columns will be appended to the list of columns after any which
are already present.
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issubclassr r% � NUMERICTYPEr2 r� rl r~ r r' r� r� r� )r| � autoinc_trues rc �_validate_autoinczEPrimaryKeyConstraint._autoincrement_column.<locals>._validate_autoinc� s� � ��x�x�&�&�.�j����'�'� �(�(�7�7� �(�(�7�7��7� � �+�+�&�s�x�x�j� �S�E� B=� >�� �
!� �s�{�{�T�$�Z��,B�C�$� ��"�"�.�"�3�#5�#5�x�@�$� ��!�!�c�&7�&7� @� '� �rb r r T)r� r� Fz=Only one Column may be marked autoincrement=True, found both rr re )r| r r� r� rv r� )rH r� r� r� r2 r� rf )r� r� r| r� s rc r! z*PrimaryKeyConstraint._autoincrement_column� s� � � �B �t�}�}� �� "��t�}�}�%�a�(�C�� � �D�(�!�#�t�,��
��"�"� '� � $�C��/��
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�(&,�P3�:I� �'� �'�
� � �>� �>rb r� c � � e Zd ZdZdZy)r� a A table-level UNIQUE constraint.
Defines a single column or composite UNIQUE constraint. For a no-frills,
single column constraint, adding ``unique=True`` to the ``Column``
definition is a shorthand equivalent for an unnamed, single column
UniqueConstraint.
�unique_constraintN)r[ r\ r] r� r� ra rb rc r� r� � s � �� )�Nrb r� c � � e Zd ZU dZdZded< ded< ded< d d
d
d
d d � dd �Zdd
�Zddd�Zddd�Z dd�Z
y
)ry a� A table-level INDEX.
Defines a composite (one or more column) INDEX.
E.g.::
sometable = Table(
"sometable",
metadata,
Column("name", String(50)),
Column("address", String(100)),
)
Index("some_index", sometable.c.name)
For a no-frills, single column index, adding
:class:`_schema.Column` also supports ``index=True``::
sometable = Table(
"sometable", metadata, Column("name", String(50), index=True)
)
For a composite index, multiple columns can be specified::
Index("some_index", sometable.c.name, sometable.c.address)
Functional indexes are supported as well, typically by using the
:data:`.func` construct in conjunction with table-bound
:class:`_schema.Column` objects::
Index("some_index", func.lower(sometable.c.name))
An :class:`.Index` can also be manually associated with a
:class:`_schema.Table`,
either through inline declaration or using
:meth:`_schema.Table.append_constraint`. When this approach is used,
the names
of the indexed columns can be specified as strings::
Table(
"sometable",
metadata,
Column("name", String(50)),
Column("address", String(100)),
Index("some_index", "name", "address"),
)
To support functional or expression-based indexes in this form, the
:func:`_expression.text` construct may be used::
from sqlalchemy import text
Table(
"sometable",
metadata,
Column("name", String(50)),
Column("address", String(100)),
Index("some_index", text("lower(name)")),
)
.. seealso::
:ref:`schema_indexes` - General information on :class:`.Index`.
:ref:`postgresql_indexes` - PostgreSQL-specific options available for
the :class:`.Index` construct.
:ref:`mysql_indexes` - MySQL-specific options available for the
:class:`.Index` construct.
:ref:`mssql_indexes` - MSSQL-specific options available for the
:class:`.Index` construct.
r� rT rn z0_typing_Sequence[Union[str, ColumnElement[Any]]]� expressionsz$_typing_Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]rz FN)rp r� r� rq rx c � � dx| _ } t j ||� | _ || _ |�|| _ |�|} | j
|� g | _ t j | g|��|| j d�� | �| j | � yy)av Construct an index object.
:param name:
The name of the index
:param \*expressions:
Column expressions to include in the index. The expressions
are normally instances of :class:`_schema.Column`, but may also
be arbitrary SQL expressions which ultimately refer to a
:class:`_schema.Column`.
:param unique=False:
Keyword only argument; if True, create a unique index.
:param quote=None:
Keyword only argument; whether to apply quoting to the name of
the index. Works in the same manner as that of
:paramref:`_schema.Column.quote`.
:param info=None: Optional data dictionary which will be populated
into the :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
:param \**dialect_kw: Additional keyword arguments not mentioned above
are dialect specific, and passed in the form
``<dialectname>_<argname>``. See the documentation regarding an
individual dialect at :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on
documented arguments.
N)rx r ) rn r+ r� rf rp r� r r� r r� rZ )
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rc r� zIndex.__init__] s� � �P "�!��
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�.�� � �T�"��$�� � �W�%� �u�
?� <A�@���4�8rb c �H � |j t j | |�� y)z�Issue a ``CREATE`` statement for this
:class:`.Index`, using the given
:class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine`` for connectivity.
.. seealso::
:meth:`_schema.MetaData.create_all`.
r\ Nr^ ra s rc rc z Index.create� s � �
� � �c� 1� 1�4�J� �Orb c �H � |j t j | |�� y)z�Issue a ``DROP`` statement for this
:class:`.Index`, using the given
:class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine` for connectivity.
.. seealso::
:meth:`_schema.MetaData.drop_all`.
r\ Nre ra s rc rg z
Index.drop� rh rb c
�� � ddj t | j � g| j D �cg c]
}t |� �� c}z | j xr dgxs g z � z S c c}w )Nz Index(%s)r? z unique=True)rB rC rf r� rp )r� �es rc r� zIndex.__repr__� sk � � � �I�I��d�i�i� �!�$(�$4�$4�5�$4�q�4��7�$4�5�6��;�;�2�M�?�8�b�:�
�
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P�
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rb ry c �@ � e Zd ZU ded< ded< ded< ded< ded< y)�_NamingSchemaTD�_NamingSchemaDirectiver� �pk�ix�ck�uqN)r[ r\ r] r� ra rb rc r� r� � s � � � � � � � � � � � rb r� F)�totalr� zix_%(column_0_label)s�_NamingSchemaParameter�DEFAULT_NAMING_CONVENTIONc �� � e Zd ZU dZdZ d dd�Zded< dd�Zdd�Z dd �Z dd
�Z
d d �Z d d �Z d d
�Z
d d�Zed d�� Ze d! d"d�� Ze d! d#d�� Z ej( d� d$ d%d�� Z d& d'd�Z d& d'd�Zy)(rX aD A collection of :class:`_schema.Table`
objects and their associated schema
constructs.
Holds a collection of :class:`_schema.Table` objects as well as
an optional binding to an :class:`_engine.Engine` or
:class:`_engine.Connection`. If bound, the :class:`_schema.Table` objects
in the collection and their columns may participate in implicit SQL
execution.
The :class:`_schema.Table` objects themselves are stored in the
:attr:`_schema.MetaData.tables` dictionary.
:class:`_schema.MetaData` is a thread-safe object for read operations.
Construction of new tables within a single :class:`_schema.MetaData`
object,
either explicitly or via reflection, may not be completely thread-safe.
.. seealso::
:ref:`metadata_describing` - Introduction to database metadata
r� Nc �l � |�2t |t � s"t j dt |� � d�� �t j � | _ t j ||� | _
|r|nt | _ |r|| _
t � | _ i | _ t# j$ t& � | _ y)a Create a new MetaData object.
:param schema:
The default schema to use for the :class:`_schema.Table`,
:class:`.Sequence`, and potentially other objects associated with
this :class:`_schema.MetaData`. Defaults to ``None``.
.. seealso::
:ref:`schema_metadata_schema_name` - details on how the
:paramref:`_schema.MetaData.schema` parameter is used.
:paramref:`_schema.Table.schema`
:paramref:`.Sequence.schema`
:param quote_schema:
Sets the ``quote_schema`` flag for those :class:`_schema.Table`,
:class:`.Sequence`, and other objects which make usage of the
local ``schema`` name.
:param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
:attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
:param naming_convention: a dictionary referring to values which
will establish default naming conventions for :class:`.Constraint`
and :class:`.Index` objects, for those objects which are not given
a name explicitly.
The keys of this dictionary may be:
* a constraint or Index class, e.g. the :class:`.UniqueConstraint`,
:class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` class, the :class:`.Index`
class
* a string mnemonic for one of the known constraint classes;
``"fk"``, ``"pk"``, ``"ix"``, ``"ck"``, ``"uq"`` for foreign key,
primary key, index, check, and unique constraint, respectively.
* the string name of a user-defined "token" that can be used
to define new naming tokens.
The values associated with each "constraint class" or "constraint
mnemonic" key are string naming templates, such as
``"uq_%(table_name)s_%(column_0_name)s"``,
which describe how the name should be composed. The values
associated with user-defined "token" keys should be callables of the
form ``fn(constraint, table)``, which accepts the constraint/index
object and :class:`_schema.Table` as arguments, returning a string
result.
The built-in names are as follows, some of which may only be
available for certain types of constraint:
* ``%(table_name)s`` - the name of the :class:`_schema.Table`
object
associated with the constraint.
* ``%(referred_table_name)s`` - the name of the
:class:`_schema.Table`
object associated with the referencing target of a
:class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
* ``%(column_0_name)s`` - the name of the :class:`_schema.Column`
at
index position "0" within the constraint.
* ``%(column_0N_name)s`` - the name of all :class:`_schema.Column`
objects in order within the constraint, joined without a
separator.
* ``%(column_0_N_name)s`` - the name of all
:class:`_schema.Column`
objects in order within the constraint, joined with an
underscore as a separator.
* ``%(column_0_label)s``, ``%(column_0N_label)s``,
``%(column_0_N_label)s`` - the label of either the zeroth
:class:`_schema.Column` or all :class:`.Columns`, separated with
or without an underscore
* ``%(column_0_key)s``, ``%(column_0N_key)s``,
``%(column_0_N_key)s`` - the key of either the zeroth
:class:`_schema.Column` or all :class:`.Columns`, separated with
or without an underscore
* ``%(referred_column_0_name)s``, ``%(referred_column_0N_name)s``
``%(referred_column_0_N_name)s``, ``%(referred_column_0_key)s``,
``%(referred_column_0N_key)s``, ... column tokens which
render the names/keys/labels of columns that are referenced
by a :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
* ``%(constraint_name)s`` - a special key that refers to the
existing name given to the constraint. When this key is
present, the :class:`.Constraint` object's existing name will be
replaced with one that is composed from template string that
uses this token. When this token is present, it is required that
the :class:`.Constraint` is given an explicit name ahead of time.
* user-defined: any additional token may be implemented by passing
it along with a ``fn(constraint, table)`` callable to the
naming_convention dictionary.
.. versionadded:: 1.3.0 - added new ``%(column_0N_name)s``,
``%(column_0_N_name)s``, and related tokens that produce
concatenations of names, keys, or labels for all columns referred
to by a given constraint.
.. seealso::
:ref:`constraint_naming_conventions` - for detailed usage
examples.
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d�S )N)r� rg �schemas� sequences�fk_memosr� )r� rg r� r� r� r� r� s rc � __getstate__zMetaData.__getstate__� s8 � ��k�k��k�k��}�}� � � � ���!%�!7�!7�
�
rb c �| � |d | _ |d | _ |d | _ |d | _ |d | _ |d | _ y )Nr� rg r� r� r� r� )r� rg r� r� r� r� )r� r� s rc � __setstate__zMetaData.__setstate__� sJ � ��H�o�� ��H�o�� �!&�':�!;�� � � �,��� �i�(��
� �z�*��rb c � � t j | j � | j j � | j j � y)z+Clear all Table objects from this MetaData.N)r� �clearr� r� r� r� s rc r� zMetaData.clear� s4 � �
�
�
�4�;�;� � �
�
��� � ��� � � rb c �P � | j |j |j � y)z1Remove the given Table object from this MetaData.N)r� rf rg rL s rc r zMetaData.remove� s � �
���5�:�:�u�|�|�4rb c �t � t j t | j j � d� �� � S )a� Returns a list of :class:`_schema.Table` objects sorted in order of
foreign key dependency.
The sorting will place :class:`_schema.Table`
objects that have dependencies
first, before the dependencies themselves, representing the
order in which they can be created. To get the order in which
the tables would be dropped, use the ``reversed()`` Python built-in.
.. warning::
The :attr:`.MetaData.sorted_tables` attribute cannot by itself
accommodate automatic resolution of dependency cycles between
tables, which are usually caused by mutually dependent foreign key
constraints. When these cycles are detected, the foreign keys
of these tables are omitted from consideration in the sort.
A warning is emitted when this condition occurs, which will be an
exception raise in a future release. Tables which are not part
of the cycle will still be returned in dependency order.
To resolve these cycles, the
:paramref:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint.use_alter` parameter may be
applied to those constraints which create a cycle. Alternatively,
the :func:`_schema.sort_tables_and_constraints` function will
automatically return foreign key constraints in a separate
collection when cycles are detected so that they may be applied
to a schema separately.
.. versionchanged:: 1.3.17 - a warning is emitted when
:attr:`.MetaData.sorted_tables` cannot perform a proper sort
due to cyclical dependencies. This will be an exception in a
future release. Additionally, the sort will continue to return
other tables not involved in the cycle in dependency order which
was not the case previously.
.. seealso::
:func:`_schema.sort_tables`
:func:`_schema.sort_tables_and_constraints`
:attr:`_schema.MetaData.tables`
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� d|� �� Y d}~�{d}~ww xY w# 1 sw Y yxY w)a. Load all available table definitions from the database.
Automatically creates ``Table`` entries in this ``MetaData`` for any
table available in the database but not yet present in the
``MetaData``. May be called multiple times to pick up tables recently
added to the database, however no special action is taken if a table
in this ``MetaData`` no longer exists in the database.
:param bind:
A :class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine` used to access the
database.
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Optional, query and reflect tables from an alternate schema.
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is used, if any.
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If True, also reflect views (materialized and plain).
:param only:
Optional. Load only a sub-set of available named tables. May be
specified as a sequence of names or a callable.
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reflected. An error is raised if a table is requested but not
available. Named tables already present in this ``MetaData`` are
ignored.
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filter the list of potential table names. The callable is called
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arguments and should return a true value for any table to reflect.
:param extend_existing: Passed along to each :class:`_schema.Table` as
:paramref:`_schema.Table.extend_existing`.
:param autoload_replace: Passed along to each :class:`_schema.Table`
as
:paramref:`_schema.Table.autoload_replace`.
:param resolve_fks: if True, reflect :class:`_schema.Table`
objects linked
to :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` objects located in each
:class:`_schema.Table`.
For :meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect`,
this has the effect of reflecting
related tables that might otherwise not be in the list of tables
being reflected, for example if the referenced table is in a
different schema or is omitted via the
:paramref:`.MetaData.reflect.only` parameter. When False,
:class:`_schema.ForeignKey` objects are not followed to the
:class:`_schema.Table`
in which they link, however if the related table is also part of the
list of tables that would be reflected in any case, the
:class:`_schema.ForeignKey` object will still resolve to its related
:class:`_schema.Table` after the :meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect`
operation is
complete. Defaults to True.
.. versionadded:: 1.3.0
.. seealso::
:paramref:`_schema.Table.resolve_fks`
:param \**dialect_kwargs: Additional keyword arguments not mentioned
above are dialect specific, and passed in the form
``<dialectname>_<argname>``. See the documentation regarding an
individual dialect at :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on
documented arguments.
.. seealso::
:ref:`metadata_reflection_toplevel`
:meth:`_events.DDLEvents.column_reflect` - Event used to customize
the reflected columns. Usually used to generalize the types using
:meth:`_types.TypeEngine.as_generic`
:ref:`metadata_reflection_dbagnostic_types` - describes how to
reflect tables using general types.
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in the target database.
�r] r� Nr^ �r� rb r� r] s rc �
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database.
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total tables in the ``MetaData`` (others are ignored).
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Defaults to True, only issue DROPs for tables confirmed to be
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y)r� a3 Defines a generated column, i.e. "GENERATED ALWAYS AS" syntax.
The :class:`.Computed` construct is an inline construct added to the
argument list of a :class:`_schema.Column` object::
from sqlalchemy import Computed
Table(
"square",
metadata_obj,
Column("side", Float, nullable=False),
Column("area", Float, Computed("side * side")),
)
See the linked documentation below for complete details.
.. versionadded:: 1.3.11
.. seealso::
:ref:`computed_ddl`
�computed_columnr� rP rX z:class:`.Computed`z :paramref:`.Computed.sqltext`Nc �r � t j t j |� | _ || _ d| _ y)a Construct a GENERATED ALWAYS AS DDL construct to accompany a
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used verbatim, or a SQL expression construct, such as a
:func:`_expression.text`
object. If given as a string, the object is converted to a
:func:`_expression.text` object.
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database. Possible values are:
* ``None``, the default, it will use the default persistence
defined by the database.
* ``True``, will render ``GENERATED ALWAYS AS ... STORED``, or the
equivalent for the target database if supported.
* ``False``, will render ``GENERATED ALWAYS AS ... VIRTUAL``, or
the equivalent for the target database if supported.
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is emitted to the target database if the database does not support
that persistence option. Leaving this parameter at its default
of ``None`` is guaranteed to succeed for all databases that support
``GENERATED ALWAYS AS``.
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AS IDENTITY" syntax.
The :class:`.Identity` construct is an inline construct added to the
argument list of a :class:`_schema.Column` object::
from sqlalchemy import Identity
Table(
"foo",
metadata_obj,
Column("id", Integer, Identity()),
Column("description", Text),
)
See the linked documentation below for complete details.
.. versionadded:: 1.4
.. seealso::
:ref:`identity_ddl`
�identity_columnTNc �l � t j | ||||||| |
| ��
|| _ || _ d| _ y)aq Construct a GENERATED { ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT } AS IDENTITY DDL
construct to accompany a :class:`_schema.Column`.
See the :class:`.Sequence` documentation for a complete description
of most parameters.
.. note::
MSSQL supports this construct as the preferred alternative to
generate an IDENTITY on a column, but it uses non standard
syntax that only support :paramref:`_schema.Identity.start`
and :paramref:`_schema.Identity.increment`.
All other parameters are ignored.
:param always:
A boolean, that indicates the type of identity column.
If ``False`` is specified, the default, then the user-specified
value takes precedence.
If ``True`` is specified, a user-specified value is not accepted (
on some backends, like PostgreSQL, OVERRIDING SYSTEM VALUE, or
similar, may be specified in an INSERT to override the sequence
value).
Some backends also have a default value for this parameter,
``None`` can be used to omit rendering this part in the DDL. It
will be treated as ``False`` if a backend does not have a default
value.
:param on_null:
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``always=False`` identity column. This option is only supported on
some backends, like Oracle Database.
:param start: the starting index of the sequence.
:param increment: the increment value of the sequence.
:param minvalue: the minimum value of the sequence.
:param maxvalue: the maximum value of the sequence.
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:param nomaxvalue: no maximum value of the sequence.
:param cycle: allows the sequence to wrap around when the maxvalue
or minvalue has been reached.
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sequence which are calculated in advance.
:param order: optional boolean value; if true, renders the
ORDER keyword.
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